Abstract
The origin of hydrogen in inner Solar System planetesimals remains unknown. Analyses of the hydrogen isotopic composition in non-carbonaceous (NC) chondrites and achondrites can be used as a proxy to determine the origin of this hydrogen. Indeed, the main H reservoirs in the Solar System have distinct isotopic composition. However, NC chondrites and achondrites have yet to reveal the definitive source of their hydrogen. Consequently, it is uncertain whether hydrogen in the parent bodies of these objects originated from outer Solar System sources, such as interstellar ices, or from inner Solar System sources, including nebular gas. The Mercury-like ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8409, believed to have formed in the Solar System’s innermost regions, offers the unique opportunity to assess nebular H2 as a potential hydrogen source in planetesimals that formed early and well inward of the snowline. The abundance and isotopic composition of H in nominally anhydrous minerals from NWA 8409 (δD = −560 ± 166 ‰) suggest indeed that nebular gas was the principal source of hydrogen in NWA 8409’s parent body, supporting the hypothesis that nebular ingassing was a viable process in the early and inner Solar System.
References
Aléon, J., Lévy, D., Aléon-Toppani, A., Bureau, H., Khodja, H., & Brisset, F. (2022). Determination of the initial hydrogen isotopic composition of the solar system. Nature Astronomy, 6(4), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01595-7
Alexander, C. M. O., Bowden, R., Fogel, M. L., Howard, K. T., Herd, C. D. K., & Nittler, L. R. (2012). The Provenances of Asteroids, and Their Contributions to the Volatile Inventories of the Terrestrial Planets. Science, 337(6095), 721–723. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223474
Asaduzzaman, A., Muralidharan, K., & Ganguly, J. (2015). Incorporation of water into olivine during nebular condensation: Insights from density functional theory and thermodynamics, and implications for phyllosilicate formation and terrestrial water inventory. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 50(4), 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12409
Barrat, J. A., Greenwood, R. C., Verchovsky, A. B., Gillet, Ph., Bollinger, C., Langlade, J. A., Liorzou, C., & Franchi, I. A. (2015). Crustal differentiation in the early solar system: Clues from the unique achondrite Northwest Africa 7325 (NWA 7325). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 168, 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.07.020
Benz, W., Anic, A., Horner, J., & Whitby, J. A. (2007). The Origin of Mercury. Space Science Reviews, 132(2–4), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-007-9284-1
Bischoff, A., Ward, D., Weber, I., Morlok, A., Hiesinger, H., & Helbert, J. (2013). NWA 7325—Not a typical olivine gabbro, but a rock experienced fast cooling after a second (partial) melting event. European Planetary Science Congress, 8, EPSC2013-427.
Broadley, M. W., Bekaert, D. V., Piani, L., Füri, E., & Marty, B. (2022). Origin of life-forming volatile elements in the inner Solar System. Nature, 611(7935), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05276-x
Chan, Q. H. S., Stephant, A., Franchi, I. A., Zhao, X., Brunetto, R., Kebukawa, Y., Noguchi, T., Johnson, D., Price, M. C., Harriss, K. H., Zolensky, M. E., & Grady, M. M. (2021). Organic matter and water from asteroid Itokawa. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84517-x
Ciesla, F. J., Lauretta, D. S., Cohen, B. A., & Hood, L. L. (2003). A Nebular Origin for Chondritic Fine-Grained Phyllosilicates. Science, 299(5606), 549–552. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1079427
Cleeves, L. I., Bergin, E. A., Alexander, C. M. O., Du, F., Graninger, D., Öberg, K. I., & Harries, T. J. (2014). The ancient heritage of water ice in the solar system. Science, 345(6204), 1590–1593. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258055
Cloutis, E. A., Reddy, V., & Blewett, D. T. (2018). The ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 7325: Spectral reflectance properties and implications for parent body identification. Icarus, 311, 384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.04.027
Dartois, E., Thi, W.-F., Geballe, T. R., Deboffle, D., d’Hendecourt, L., & van Dishoeck, E. (2003). Revisiting the solid HDO/H$_mathsf{2}$O abundances. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 399(3), 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20021558
Dauphas, N., & Pourmand, A. (2011). Hf–W–Th evidence for rapid growth of Mars and its status as a planetary embryo. Nature, 473(7348), 489–492. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10077
Deligny, C., Füri, E., & Deloule, E. (2021). Origin and timing of volatile delivery (N, H) to the angrite parent body: Constraints from in situ analyses of melt inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 313, 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.038
Desch, S. J., Kalyaan, A., & Alexander, C. M. O. (2018). The Effect of Jupiter’s Formation on the Distribution of Refractory Elements and Inclusions in Meteorites. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 238(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aad95f
Desch, S. J., Unterborn, C. T., & Jackson, A. P. (2022). What should meteorites from Mercury look like? 85th Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society, 6512.
Drake, M. J. (2005). Origin of water in the terrestrial planets. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40(4), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00960.x
Foustoukos, D. I. (2025). Molecular H2 in silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 389, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.10.020
Fricker, P. E., & Reynolds, R. T. (1968). Development of the atmosphere of Venus. Icarus, 9(1–3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(68)90017-1
Frossard, P., Boyet, M., Bouvier, A., Hammouda, T., & Monteux, J. (2019). Evidence for anorthositic crust formed on an inner solar system planetesimal. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1921
Füri, E., Deloule, E., & Trappitsch, R. (2017). The production rate of cosmogenic deuterium at the Moon’s surface. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 474, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.042
Gloeckler, G., & Geiss, J. (1998). Measurements of the abundance of Helium-3 in the Sun and in the Local Interstellar Cloud with SWICS on Ulysses. Space Science Reviews, 84(1–2), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005095907503
Goodrich, C. A., Kita, N. T., Yin, Q.-Z., Sanborn, M. E., Williams, C. D., Nakashima, D., Lane, M. D., & Boyle, S. (2017). Petrogenesis and provenance of ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa 7325 from petrology, trace elements, oxygen, chromium and titanium isotopes, and mid-IR spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 203, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.12.021
Grant, H., Tartèse, R., Jones, R., Piani, L., & Marrocchi, Y. (2024). Identification of a primordial high D/H component in the matrix of unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 378, 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.06.005
Gruyer, C., Franchi, I. A., Grady, M. M., Anand, M., Zhao, X., Rider-Stokes, B. G., & Stephant, A. (2024). H2O abudance and H isotopic composition of nominally anhydrous mienrals from enstatite meteorites. 86th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, 6289.
Harries, D., Zhao, X., & Franchi, I. (2023). Upper limits of water contents in olivine and orthopyroxene of equilibrated chondrites and several achondrites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 58(5), 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13980
Heber, V. S., Wieler, R., Baur, H., Olinger, C., Friedmann, T. A., & Burnett, D. S. (2009). Noble gas composition of the solar wind as collected by the Genesis mission. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(24), 7414–7432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.013
Hirschmann, M. M., Withers, A. C., Ardia, P., & Foley, N. T. (2012). Solubility of molecular hydrogen in silicate melts and consequences for volatile evolution of terrestrial planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 345–348, 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.031
Hopp, J., Schröter, N., Pravdivtseva, O., Meyer, H., Trieloff, M., & Ott, U. (2018). Noble gas composition, cosmic‐ray exposure age, ³⁹ Ar‐ ⁴⁰ Ar, and I‐Xe analyses of ungrouped achondrite NWA 7325. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 53(6), 1150–1163. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13062
Irving, A. J., Kuehner, S. M., Bunch, T. E., Ziegler, K., Chen, G., Herd, C. D. K., Conrey, R. M., & Ralew, S. (2013). Ungrouped mafic achondrite Northwest Africa 7325: a reduced, iron-poor cumulate olivine gabbor from a differentiated planetary parent body. 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 2164.
Jin, Z., Bose, M., Lichtenberg, T., & Mulders, G. D. (2021). New Evidence for Wet Accretion of Inner Solar System Planetesimals from Meteorites Chelyabinsk and Benenitra. The Planetary Science Journal, 2(6), 244. https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac3d86
Jochum, K. P., Nohl, U., Herwig, K., Lammel, E., Stoll, B., & Hofmann, A. W. (2005). GeoReM: A New Geochemical Database for Reference Materials and Isotopic Standards. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 29(3), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908x.2005.tb00904.x
Johnson, E. A. (2006). Water in Nominally Anhydrous Crustal Minerals: Speciation, Concentration, and Geologic Significance. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 62(1), 117–154. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.62.6
Kalyaan, A., & Desch, S. J. (2019). Effect of Different Angular Momentum Transport Mechanisms on the Distribution of Water in Protoplanetary Disks. The Astrophysical Journal, 875(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0e6c
Kleine, T., Budde, G., Burkhardt, C., Kruijer, T. S., Worsham, E. A., Morbidelli, A., & Nimmo, F. (2020). The Non-carbonaceous–Carbonaceous Meteorite Dichotomy. Space Science Reviews, 216(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00675-w
Koefoed, P., Amelin, Y., Yin, Q.-Z., Wimpenny, J., Sanborn, M. E., Iizuka, T., & Irving, A. J. (2016). U–Pb and Al–Mg systematics of the ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa 7325. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 183, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.028
Koga, K., Hauri, E., Hirschmann, M., & Bell, D. (2003). Hydrogen concentration analyses using SIMS and FTIR: Comparison and calibration for nominally anhydrous minerals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gc000378
Kruijer, T. S., Kleine, T., & Borg, L. E. (2019). The great isotopic dichotomy of the early Solar System. Nature Astronomy, 4(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0959-9
Kumamoto, K. M., Warren, J. M., & Hauri, E. H. (2017). New SIMS reference materials for measuring water in upper mantle minerals. American Mineralogist, 102(3), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5863ccbyncnd
Lécluse, C., & Robert, F. (1994). Hydrogen isotope exchange reaction rates: Origin of water in the inner solar system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(13), 2927–2939. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90126-0
Lécuyer, C., Gillet, P., & Robert, F. (1998). The hydrogen isotope composition of seawater and the global water cycle. Chemical Geology, 145(3–4), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00146-0
Leya, I., & Masarik, J. (2009). Cosmogenic nuclides in stony meteorites revisited. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 44(7), 1061–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb00788.x
Lodders, K. (2003). Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements. The Astrophysical Journal, 591(2), 1220–1247. https://doi.org/10.1086/375492
Mai, C., Desch, S. J., Kuiper, R., Marleau, G.-D., & Dullemond, C. (2020). The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits. The Astrophysical Journal, 899(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aba4a8
Marrocchi, Y., Rigaudier, T., Piralla, M., & Piani, L. (2023). Hydrogen isotopic evidence for nebular pre-hydration and the limited role of parent-body processes in CM chondrites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 611, 118151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118151
McCubbin, F. M., & Barnes, J. J. (2019). Origin and abundances of H2O in the terrestrial planets, Moon, and asteroids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 526, 115771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115771
Morbidelli, A., Bitsch, B., Crida, A., Gounelle, M., Guillot, T., Jacobson, S., Johansen, A., Lambrechts, M., & Lega, E. (2016). Fossilized condensation lines in the Solar System protoplanetary disk. Icarus, 267, 368–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.027
Newcombe, M. E., Nielsen, S. G., Peterson, L. D., Wang, J., Alexander, C. M. O., Sarafian, A. R., Shimizu, K., Nittler, L. R., & Irving, A. J. (2023). Degassing of early-formed planetesimals restricted water delivery to Earth. Nature, 615(7954), 854–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05721-5
Nicholls, H., Lichtenberg, T., Bower, D. J., & Pierrehumbert, R. (2024). Magma Ocean Evolution at Arbitrary Redox State. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 129(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024je008576
O’Brien, D. P., Izidoro, A., Jacobson, S. A., Raymond, S. N., & Rubie, D. C. (2018). The Delivery of Water During Terrestrial Planet Formation. Space Science Reviews, 214(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0475-8
Olson, P., & Sharp, Z. D. (2018). Hydrogen and helium ingassing during terrestrial planet accretion. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498, 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.006
Peslier, A. H., Schönbächler, M., Busemann, H., & Karato, S.-I. (2017). Water in the Earth’s Interior: Distribution and Origin. Space Science Reviews, 212(1–2), 743–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0387-z
Peterson, L. D., Newcombe, M. E., Alexander, C. M. O., Wang, J., Klein, F., Bekaert, D. V., & Nielsen, S. G. (2023). The H content of aubrites: An evaluation of bulk versus in situ methods for quantifying water in meteorites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 620, 118341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118341
Peterson, L. D., Newcombe, M. E., Alexander, C. M. O., Wang, J., & Nielsen, S. G. (2024). The H-poor nature of incompletely melted planetesimals: The view from acapulcoites and lodranites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 370, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.02.002
Peterson, L. D., Newcombe, M. E., Alexander, C. M. O., Wang, J., Sarafian, A. R., Bischoff, A., & Nielsen, S. G. (2023). The H2O content of the ureilite parent body. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 340, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2022.10.036
Piani, L., Marrocchi, Y., Rigaudier, T., Vacher, L. G., Thomassin, D., & Marty, B. (2020). Earth’s water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites. Science, 369(6507), 1110–1113. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba1948
Piani, L., Marrocchi, Y., Vacher, L. G., Yurimoto, H., & Bizzarro, M. (2021). Origin of hydrogen isotopic variations in chondritic water and organics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 567, 117008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117008
Raymond, S. N., & Izidoro, A. (2017). Origin of water in the inner Solar System: Planetesimals scattered inward during Jupiter and Saturn’s rapid gas accretion. Icarus, 297, 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.06.030
Rider-Stokes, B. G., Stephant, A., Anand, M., Franchi, I. A., Zhao, X., White, L. F., Yamaguchi, A., Greenwood, R. C., & Jackson, S. L. (2024). Evidence against water delivery by impacts within 10 million years of planetesimal formation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 642, 118860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118860
Righter, K., Sutton, S. R., Danielson, L., Pando, K., & Newville, M. (2016). Redox variations in the inner solar system with new constraints from vanadium XANES in spinels. American Mineralogist, 101(9), 1928–1942. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5638
Rubie, D. C., Jacobson, S. A., Morbidelli, A., O’Brien, D. P., Young, E. D., de Vries, J., Nimmo, F., Palme, H., & Frost, D. J. (2015). Accretion and differentiation of the terrestrial planets with implications for the compositions of early-formed Solar System bodies and accretion of water. Icarus, 248, 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.10.015
Saal, A. E., Hauri, E. H., Van Orman, J. A., & Rutherford, M. J. (2013). Hydrogen Isotopes in Lunar Volcanic Glasses and Melt Inclusions Reveal a Carbonaceous Chondrite Heritage. Science, 340(6138), 1317–1320. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235142
Sarafian, A. R., Nielsen, S. G., Marschall, H. R., Gaetani, G. A., Hauri, E. H., Righter, K., & Sarafian, E. (2017). Angrite meteorites record the onset and flux of water to the inner solar system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 212, 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.06.001
Sarafian, A. R., Nielsen, S. G., Marschall, H. R., Gaetani, G. A., Righter, K., & Berger, E. L. (2019). The water and fluorine content of 4 Vesta. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 266, 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.08.023
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., Tinevez, J.-Y., White, D. J., Hartenstein, V., Eliceiri, K., Tomancak, P., & Cardona, A. (2012). Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature Methods, 9(7), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019
Shimizu, K., Alexander, C. M. O., Hauri, E. H., Sarafian, A. R., Nittler, L. R., Wang, J., Jacobsen, S. D., & Mendybaev, R. A. (2021). Highly volatile element (H, C, F, Cl, S) abundances and H isotopic compositions in chondrules from carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 301, 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.005
Stephant, A., Desch, S., Anand, M., Zhao, X., Cuppone, T., Rider-Stokes, B. G., Gamblin, J., Füri, E., Nottingham, M., Carli, C., Franchi, I., & Pratesi, G. (2026). Petrographic, Geochemical, Isotopic, and Noble Gas Characterization of NWA 8409 [dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18949838
Stephant, A., Wadhwa, M., Hervig, R., Bose, M., Zhao, X., Barrett, T. J., Anand, M., & Franchi, I. A. (2021). A deuterium-poor water reservoir in the asteroid 4 Vesta and the inner solar system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 297, 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.01.004
Stephant, A., Zhao, X., Anand, M., Davidson, J., Carli, C., Cuppone, T., Pratesi, G., & Franchi, I. A. (2023). Hydrogen in acapulcoites and lodranites: A unique source of water for planetesimals in the inner Solar System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 615, 118202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118202
Stoll, M. H. R., & Kley, W. (2014). Vertical shear instability in accretion disc models with radiation transport. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 572, A77. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424114
Sutton, S. R., Goodrich, C. A., & Wirick, S. (2017). Titanium, vanadium and chromium valences in silicates of ungrouped achondrite NWA 7325 and ureilite Y-791538 record highly-reduced origins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 204, 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.036
Tartèse, R., Anand, M., & Franchi, I. A. (2019). H and Cl isotope characteristics of indigenous and late hydrothermal fluids on the differentiated asteroidal parent body of Grave Nunataks 06128. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 266, 529–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.024
Thomassin, D., Piani, L., Villeneuve, J., Caumon, M.-C., Bouden, N., & Marrocchi, Y. (2023). The high-temperature origin of hydrogen in enstatite chondrite chondrules and implications for the origin of terrestrial water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 616, 118225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118225
Vermeesch, P. (2018). IsoplotR: A free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geoscience Frontiers, 9(5), 1479–1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001
Wang, H., Weiss, B. P., Bai, X.-N., Downey, B. G., Wang, J., Wang, J., Suavet, C., Fu, R. R., & Zucolotto, M. E. (2017). Lifetime of the solar nebula constrained by meteorite paleomagnetism. Science, 355(6325), 623–627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5043
Weber, I., Morlok, A., Bischoff, A., Hiesinger, H., Ward, D., Joy, K. H., Crowther, S. A., Jastrzebski, N. D., Gilmour, J. D., Clay, P. L., Wogelius, R. A., Greenwood, R. C., Franchi, I. A., & Münker, C. (2016). Cosmochemical and spectroscopic properties of Northwest Africa 7325—A consortium study. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 51(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12586
Wu, J., Desch, S. J., Schaefer, L., Elkins‐Tanton, L. T., Pahlevan, K., & Buseck, P. R. (2018). Origin of Earth’s Water: Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 123(10), 2691–2712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005698
Yang, J., Lin, Y., Changela, H., Xie, L., Chen, B., & Yang, J. (2020). Early sulfur‐rich magmatism on the ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa 7325 differentiated parent body. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 55(9), 1951–1978. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13559
Yang, X., Keppler, H., & Li, Y. (2016). Molecular hydrogen in mantle minerals. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 2, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1616
Zimmermann, L., Füri, E., Boulliung, J., & Saxton, J. M. (2025). Performance of the 3F4M Noblesse–HR Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer for Multicollection Ne‐Ar‐N₂ Analyses. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gc012247
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alice Stephant, Steven J. Desch, Mahesh Anand, Xuchao Zhao, Tiberio Cuppone, Ben G. Rider-Stokes, Cristian Carli, Julie Gamblin, Evelyn Füri, Mark Nottingham, Giovanni Pratesi, Ian A. Franchi