Supplementary Files
Keywords
Lunar basalt
metal saturation
Trace Element Partitioning
How to Cite
Abstract
Lunar basalts are more reduced than their terrestrial counterparts, often containing native metal, suggesting a similarly reduced, possibly metal-saturated lunar mantle. However, whether determined oxygen fugacities (fO2) accurately reflect mantle conditions remains debated. Processes like H-implantation and CO-degassing during eruption may locally reduce samples, leading to underestimation of fO2 and implying more oxidizing mantle conditions than sample chemistries would suggest. Additionally, correlations between siderophile and chalcophile elements (e.g., W, Cu) and incompatible elements (e.g., U, Yb) seemingly contradict metal presence in mare basalt sources. Yet, the median lunar interior fO2 suggests residual Fe-bearing metal stabilization during mantle melting. We review evidence for and against residual metal in the lunar mantle and its implications. Equilibrium thermodynamics supports metal saturation at fO2 levels of IW−1 or lower if metal contains ∼10 wt% S. To test this, we conducted experiments at ∼1500 °C and 1.5 GPa on highly siderophile elements (Pt, Pd, Rh, Os, Ir, Re), W, and Mo, as well as an experiment at 4.5 GPa and 1900 °C to simulate lunar core-lunar magma ocean equilibrium. Our results show that the low siderophile element abundances in mare basalts are consistent with partial melting of a lunar mantle both saturated in ∼0.1 wt% Fe-Ni-S metallic melt and previously depleted in siderophile elements due to core formation.
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